Zoos have long been the subject of debate, with discussions focusing on their role in conservation, education, and entertainment, as well as the well-being of the animals they house.

 

When people think of a zoo, the first thoughts that come to mind may be opportunities to see exotic species up close, in ways that might not be possible. Historically, zoos were viewed as places of entertainment (Traux and Vonk 2025). However, modern facilities, particularly those accredited by organizations such as the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), emphasize on animal welfare, species conservation, and public education (Traux and Vonk, 2025). Accreditation signals to visitors that a zoo meets high standards of care and management, assuring of its quality and attracting more visitors (Phillips et al., 2024). Within the human dimensions of wildlife, Kellert’s framework suggests that individuals who experience curiosity and a connection with wildlife hold a humanistic perspective (Kellert, 1980). This value orientation can be associated with positive attitudes towards zoos, as they provide accessible opportunities to foster those connections.

 

On the other hand, these same institutions can be viewed less as places of discovery and more as places of confinement, where ethical concerns about animal welfare and the morality of captivity take precedence. From a moralistic perspective, individuals focus on how animals are treated within these settings (Kellert, 1980). Research has shown that negative perceptions of animal welfare results in negative visitor attitudes towards zoos and impact experiences (Phillips et al., 2021). This shows the critical role that ethical standards in shaping public trust and maintaining the legitimacy of zoos.

 

Alternatives such as ecotourism and outdoor recreation have gained attention as different opportunities for learning about wildlife and conservation (Winter et al., 2020). These natural settings have also been recognized as important for improving human health and well-being (Winter et al., 2020). These activities allow people to engage with animals and ecosystems in their natural habitats, offering educational benefits while avoiding some of the ethical concerns associated with captivity. For some, this could represent the middle ground between the excitement of close encounters with wildlife and the moral obligation of respecting animals in their natural environment.

 

This ongoing conversation reflects broader questions about how people prefer to connect with wildlife. In addition to important considerations about which experiences, such as zoos or ecotourism, are viewed as the most meaningful, effective, and appropriate pathways for fostering conservation awareness and inspiring care for the natural world.